Information Security And Risk Management - 926 Words

To begin with, I started with two courses in the EMSISS program - ISOL 633 - Legal Regulations, Compliance, and Investigation and ISOL 533- Information Security and Risk Management. I also got an internship opportunity of a part time CPT with Sapot Systems Inc as a Software Engineer. The knowledge and interest I had along with these courses, helped me to go that extra mile in my day to day job responsibility. Course learnings and It s impact on the Internship: Through ISOL-633, I got an extensive knowledge of Information security encompassing the US legal system and federal governance, security and privacy of financial information, health records, children, corporations, risk analysis, investigation, and management. Whereas, ISOL 533 was focused on defining the seven primary domains of any IT organization, understanding and assessing the IT risks associated with them through Risk assessment plan, perform Impact analysis and layout a Business continuity plan. At Sapot systems, we provide Sharepoint services to clients - which can be individuals or large corporations as a business solution. I help them set-up services like Business connectivity services, search service, excel service and metadata service. While setting up these services, I always keep in mind what, when, and who needs to access what kind of data/services and ensure that highest level of security scrutiny is present in the system, so that people are able to access wha t they shouldShow MoreRelatedInformation Security and Risk Management1473 Words   |  6 Pagesactivity. This reversal in focus by both individuals and institutions may simply be a natural response to the reduced capabilities of al-Qaeda and other terrorist networks, as confirmed by the leading authority on terrorism and its effects, and national security analyst for the CNN network, Peter Bergen, who observed recently that the Obama administration has played a large role in reducing terrorist threats by continuing and scaling up many of former President George W. Bushs counter-terrorist methodsRead MoreInformation Security Risks And Risk Management1883 Words   |  8 Pagesused by organisations and charities wishing to exterminate the possible risks by assembly information security risk assessment (information security risk assessment). The ISRA is able to resolve the amount of the potential risk associated with an IT system. An ISRA method identifies an organization s security r isks and provides a measured analysed security risk profile of critical assets in order to build plans to treat the risks hand would beneficial in health and social care to insure things areRead MoreInformation Security Risk Management2820 Words   |  12 PagesDiscussion As observed at the 4th International Conference on Global e-Security in London in June 2008, Information Security Risk Management (ISRM) is a major concern of organizations worldwide. Although the number of existing ISRM methodologies is enormous, in practice a lot of resources are invested by organizations in creating new ISRM methodologies in order to capture more accurately the risks of their complex information systems. This is a crucial knowledge-intensive process for organizationsRead MoreInformation Security : It Risk Management1795 Words   |  8 Pages ITC 596 - IT Risk Management Professor: Michael Baron Table of Contents 1. Information security is Information risk management 3 2. Information Security Risk Assessment: The Qualitative Versus Quantitative 5 3. Perception of Risk 7 Reference 9 1. Information security is Information risk management Introduction The present Information Security technology seems insufficient to totally deal with all the ICT problems of the organization. As per BobRead MoreInformation Security Risk Analysis and Management2195 Words   |  9 PagesInformation security refers to the protection of information and its critical elements, including the systems and hardware that use, store, and transmit that information. An ideal organization usually comprises of the following layers of security put in place to safeguard its operations:- physical, operations, communications, networks, personnel, and information security. A risk can be defined as the probability that something unwanted will happen. Risk analysis and management therefore refers toRead MoreEssay Risk Management in Information Technology Security795 Words   |  4 PagesIS3110 Risk Management in Information Technology Security STUDENT COPY: Graded Assignments  © ITT Educational Services, Inc. All Rights Reserved. -73- Change Date: 05/25/2011 Unit 1 Assignment 1: Application of Risk Management Techniques Learning Objectives and Outcomes You will be able to identify different risk management techniques for the seven domains of a typical IT infrastructure and apply them under different situations. Assignment Requirements Introduction: As discussed in thisRead MoreAn Evaluation of Information Security and Risk Management Theories1903 Words   |  8 PagesAn abundance of information security and risk management theories are prevalent; however, it can be difficult to identify valid and applicable theories. In the reading to follow, several information security and risk management theories are evaluated. These theories are presented and employed via various frameworks, models, and best practice guidelines. An assessment of sufficient research pertaining to these theories is addressed, along with a consideration of the challenges that arise from aRead MoreManaging Information Security Risks: The Octave Approach1635 Words   |  6 PagesAlberts, C. Dorofee, A.(2003) Managing Information Security Risks: The OCTAVE Approach. New York: Addison Wesley. This work is a descriptive and yet process-oriented book on the concept of security risk assessment with a specific focus on new risk evaluation methodology, OCTAVE. The term OCTAVE is used to denote f Operationally Critical Threat, Asset, and Vulnerability Evaluation SM.It is important that organizations conduct a security risk evaluation in order for them to effectively evaluateRead MoreRisk Assessment : An Essential Part Of A Risk Management Process1046 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The risk assessment is an essential part of a risk management process designed to provide appropriate levels of security for information systems. The assessment approach analyzes the relationships among assets, threats, vulnerabilities and other elements. Security risk assessment should be a continuous activity. Thus, a comprehensive enterprise security risk assessment should be conducted at least once every two years to explore the risks associated with the organization’s information systemsRead MoreIs20071634 Words   |  7 Pages 0 INTRODUCTION 0.1 WHAT IS INFORMATION SECURITY? 0.2 WHY INFORMATION SECURITY IS NEEDED? 0.3 HOW TO ESTABLISH SECURITY REQUIREMENTS 0.4 ASSESSING SECURITY RISKS 0.5 SELECTING CONTROLS 0.6 INFORMATION SECURITY STARTING POINT Information security is defined as the preservation of confidentiality, integrity and availability of information †¦ Information security is defined as the preservation of confidentiality, integrity and availability of information †¦ 0.7 CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS

Benefits and Influence of Music Free Essays

Nowadays, music is very popular for teen and all ages. Some people like to listen Classic music and other like RB or hip hop. It depend on their interesting. We will write a custom essay sample on Benefits and Influence of Music or any similar topic only for you Order Now Even many people like music, but it still has advantages and disadvantages also. First of all, I would like to talk about the advantages of music. There are many advantages, but I’ll tell you more details about that. First point, the music can make us feel relieve. Sometimes, when you get in the moody. You can take out your mp3 and listen to it, you will be feel relieve. The music such as hip hop or RB can help you to get in the good mood again. Second point, music can make us feel more comfortable. When you listen the romantic music, you such a kind of dreaming or you feel that you can fly and get the romantic feeling. So your feeling more comfortable and being happy all the time. Third point, music can reduce your stresses all the time. When you stress, you listening music or do other activity in order to reduce your stresses step by step. You can listening hip hop music, it’s help you smile. This is the last point of listening music, music can bring us in to one society by the meaning of the song. For example, you are listening to the Americana’s song ( Dead and Gone), you can learn about the society in America. What happened in that or somethings beside this. Also you can improve your listening skill by listen the English song too. However music has many advantages, but it’s also has disadvantages too. Listening music waste a lot money. When the singer show up or release new album, you always spend your money to buy it every time they release. If they release 100 different new album, Would you buy all this album? That’s why I can say music waste a lot of money. On the other hands, music waste our time too. When you are addicted in to music. You always sit and listening to it without doing anything. You just sit and listen. You don’t go out and do your work. Besides that, If you listen too much time and put your headset every time. You will have problem with your ear. You will spend much money or time to treat it. Totally, every things always have advantages and disadvantages. But if you get the information about this already. You should reduce your listening habit step by step. Benefits and influence of music Music gives different meaning to everyone. Music is a combination of art form from different elements of melody, harmony, rhythm and genre. Music acts as an influence, past time, hobby and passion. From classical to jazz, pop, rock, RB, hip hop or even devotional songs, music affect different people in many different way. That is why we can see nowadays some people who are enthusiastic about music even attribute themselves and their talents into music professions. Music touches our soul and allows us to express different moods and emotions. Therefore, music has many roles that affect everyone’s life. Listening to certain songs usually triggers to certain emotions linked to that song. As for me, I would listen to various sorts of songs to cheer my mood up. And seriously, life without music would be very dull. Have you ever heard of the saying, â€Å"hooked on the feeling? ’’. Well, it really happens. For example, during festive seasons like Christmas, many people will put on Christmas songs because this will help them to stay on the state of euphoria all month long and bring back their childhood memories of Christmas. Therefore, music also plays a very crucial ole in overall development of an individual. It can take the mind and body to do spontaneous things either good or bad, depends on the type of music a person is listening to and it message contains. For instance, when someone is listening to sad songs related to their love or life, the listener will be highly in touch with that song connected with their emotions. Likewise, when another person is listening to a heavy metal songs, they might inhibited violated act or aggressive behavior as rock songs bring about rebellion and agitation influence. However, for some people, listening to this type of songs is their way of expressing anger and relieve from pain. Well, it’s actually depends on that person himself on how they interact and influence by the music. How to cite Benefits and Influence of Music, Papers

Trade Off Between Inflation and Unemployment free essay sample

There can be no trade-off between inflation and unemployment whether in the short or the long run. Comment. Inflation is a major challenge; the world is facing today and has become an impediment to robust growth. However, this problem is not new. In 1981, The Gallup Organisation in the US conducted opinion polls asking people, what is the most important problem, their country was facing, and a majority named inflation. Although governments in different countries have been using policies to contain it, it’s not so simple. Lowering inflation may lead to a rise in unemployment which could act as an obstacle to economic growth. This debate, whether there’s actually a trade-off between inflation and unemployment, has been puzzling the macro-economists for decades now, but we’ve still not been able to arrive at a concrete conclusion. Different schools of thought have their own viewpoints and their own theories to support those viewpoints. In this paper, I shall discuss briefly, the different schools of thought and their viewpoints and try to unravel this mystery by amalgamating the different viewpoints. I. ‘Old’ Classical school The classical school including Adam Smith, David Ricardo, John Stuart Mill etc. that existed prior to the ‘Great Depression’, believed that the economy ultimately (in the long-run) reaches full employment. The disturbances, if any, would be temporary and very short-lived. There was no need for any countercyclical policy (whether fiscal or monetary) to boost the economy. According to them, there is perfect wage-price flexibility and thus, no possibility of involuntary unemployment. Their explanation was also backed by the well known ‘SAY’S LAW’, according to which, supply creates its own demand. Thus, whatever is produced will be demanded, and therefore economy is always at full employment. A ‘glut’ can occur, but only temporarily. Therefore, we get a vertical (almost) AS curve (and correspondingly, a vertical Philips curve). Hence, there is no trade-off whatsoever, between inflation and unemployment, and therefore any type of countercyclical policy (fiscal or monetary) is impotent. AS According to the classicists, economy is always at full employment level, as shown by the vertical AS curve. Thus, there is no trade-off between inflation and unemployment even in the short run. II. ‘Orthodox’ Keynesian school Keynes gained popularity during the Great Depression, through his ideas of using fiscal policies to avoid the slump, and he became a pioneering face in the macroeconomics field during the 1950s and early 60s. He was against the view that the economy always stays at full employment. He believed in wage price rigidity and therefore, a rigid real wage leading to an involuntary unemployment (ie. uun). Now, this unemployment could only be controlled if some fiscal or monetary policy is used. Keynes called for a fiscal expansion during the Great depression that would stimulate the aggregate demand. Thus, AD curve shifts rightwards. At the initial price level P, we have an excess demand, thus price level rises to P1 and now output, Y=Yf. Thus, there is a trade off between inflation and unemployment. Keynes gave the following insights to explain this trade-off: (a) The persistence of unemployment According to Keynes, persistence of unemployment was due to the failure of money wages to adjust with sufficient speeds to clear labour markets, and therefore a fiscal expansion is required to contain this unemployment, which would create inflation. For him, absolute rigidity in money wage rates is not required; all that is needed is that wages fail to fall to market clearing levels. (b) The fluctuations in unemployment According to Keynes, investment is highly unstable and is driven largely by animal spirits. This leads to fluctuations in unemployment. However prices and interest rates, according to him, often fail to adjust to offset these fluctuations, as they did during the ‘Great Depression’, probably because of a highly interest-elastic money demand (the so-called liquidity trap situation). Also, investment is influenced by real interest rate, not the nominal interest rates; therefore, it is often impossible to stabilize it, unless the inflation in the economy is controlled. III. Neo-classical school The Hicksian IS-LM under the neoclassical school tends to explain the trade-off between inflation and unemployment against the backdrop of the Philips curve equation. According to them, people have static expectations, and therefore ? te=0. Thus, the equation of Philips curve becomes: ?t=? (Ot-On) Now, if output is below its natural rate, inflation is negative, or we have disinflation in the economy. Thus, price level is decreasing. Now, as the price level starts decreasing, in our basic IS-LM model, LM curve starts shifting rightwards, and keeps shifting, until, we reach full employment. Thus, according to the neo-classicists, the economy is self-equilibrating, and no counter cyclical policy is required to bring the output back to full employment. Neo-classicists did believe in a trade-off, but only in the short run. LM LM1 i LM2 LM3 i1 On Ot IS IV. ‘Orthodox’ monetarist school The monetarists including Milton Friedman re-enforced the classicists’ viewpoint by explaining the ‘Quantity theory of money’, according to which a monetary expansion (contraction) would result in an expansion of the price level, nominal wages, and nominal interest rate , however, the real values in the system will remain unaffected. Therefore, ‘Money is neutral’. Quantity theory of money: MV=PY David Hume, in his essay of 1752, Of Money and Of Interest stressed on the irrelevance of changes in money stock on the behaviour of rational people (Quantity theory of money). He explained this with the help of an example: When any quantity of money is imported into a nation, it is not dispersed into all the hands at first. It initially caters a few selected people (manufacturers or merchants). These people then, invest this additional stock to raise output (at least in the short run). Now, an increase in output enables them to employ more workmen and therefore employment increases, wages remaining the same. Now, suppose an artisan carries his money to the market, he’ll find everything at the same price, however, the number of things that he can buy has increased. Also, the gardener would find all his output sold out, and therefore raise work effort and raise output further. This will ultimately lead to an increase in the overall price level and all the real effects would get nullified, thus leading to ‘money neutrality’. Thus, output always ultimately returns to full employment and long-run AS curve (and correspondingly, the Philips curve) is vertical. Thus, though there is a trade-off between inflation and unemployment in the short run, it gets eliminated in the long run. This means that we need to bear unemployment only for a short period of time, if we want to contain inflation. In the long run, however, unemployment will come back to its natural level, even if there is deflation (falling prices). Monetarists believed in the Adaptive expectations approach, that means, people base their expectations about future prices on the last year’s prices and therefore might make wrong expectations in the short run, however, Friedman said that they cannot be fooled forever, and therefore in the long run, their expected price would reflect the actual price. Equation of Philips curve: ?t-? t-1= ( µ+z)-? ut ?: Inflation rate  µ: Mark up (constant) z: Catchall variable (constant) u: Unemployment rate Now, if ? t=? t-1, ut is a constant, thus there will be no change in the unemployment rate. Hence, no trade-off. Empirical Evidence This explanation has been supported empirically as well. McCandless and Weber (1995), plots 30 year (1960-90) average annual inflation rates against average annual growth rates of M2 over the same 30 year period, for a total of 110 countries. The points lie roughly on the 45 ° line, as predicted by the quantity theory. They also provide evidence on correlations between money growth and growth in real output, averaged over the 1960-90 period and find no correlation at all. Thus, monetary expansion has no real effects. Stockman (1996), plots inflation rate against unemployment rate (Philips Curve) for various sub periods of the years 1950-94, for the United States and find a downward sloping Philips Curve for each sub period. However, when the entire 44-year period is considered, we do not find any correlation between inflation and unemployment. This also shows, that the trade-off exists, but only in the short run. V. New Classical school The new classical economists believed in the rational expectations. According to them, all agents are rational and base their expectations about inflation on the information set available to them and are on an average able to predict the actual inflation accurately. They believed in complete wage price flexibility, and there was no chance of involuntary unemployment and thus no trade-off at all between inflation and unemployment. Also, according to them, there was continuous market clearing. They assumed perfectly competitive market structure, thus, all unemployment that existed, was voluntary. Robert Lucas’ viewpoint Lucas argued that if everyone understands that prices will ultimately increase in proportion to the increase in money, what force stops this from happening right away? Probable reasons according to him could be: (a) People are committed, perhaps even contractually, to continue to offer goods at old prices for a time. (b) Sellers are ignorant of the fact that money has increased, and a general inflation is inevitable.

The role of the Inspector, focus on two episodes which create dramatic impact on both the characters and the audience Essay Example For Students

The role of the Inspector, focus on two episodes which create dramatic impact on both the characters and the audience Essay An Inspector Calls is a well made play written by J. B. Priestley in 1945. Based in 1912 the play focuses on the Birling family being visited by Inspector Goole. No one quite knows who or what the inspector is as he has a ghostly sense about him. To the audience he could be a time traveller or a ghost, we never eventually find out, it is left to our imagination and helps to create mystery surrounding the character. The audience are watching the play knowing that it is set many years ago; this gives J. B. Priestley an advantage to use dramatic irony throughout the play, which allows him to make some of the characters look ridiculous. We will write a custom essay on The role of the Inspector, focus on two episodes which create dramatic impact on both the characters and the audience specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now He also uses the Inspector to intimidate the Birlings with his short answers and powerful tone. His sense of massiveness soon overpowers the arrogant Mr Birling and his right wing ways, and he soon begins to get the answers he arrived for. The Birlings were celebrating the engagement of both Sheila and Gerald. However, once the Inspector arrives he soon has control of the whole situation making the atmosphere very tense. Mr Birling has a somewhat high status and tries using this to his advantage to intimidate the Inspector, evidently he realises this doesnt trouble him and notices he has no authority compared to the Inspector. A sharp ring of the front door bell Priestley uses this technique to bring the play to a pause, whilst Mr Birling stops in his tracks to soon question who is at the door. This quickly adds tension to the scene making the characters to panic, in a sense, to wonder who is knocking at such a time. Soon enough both audience and characters come to find it is Inspector Goole. At once he creates an impression of massiveness, solidity and purposefulness. Priestly uses the way the Inspector is characterised to create impact from the moment he enters. As soon as Inspector Goole arrives he swiftly has power over the atmosphere, creating a tense yet calm ambience of the household. Looking hard at the person he addresses before actually speaking The Inspector intimidates each character by simply studying them before speaking. This gives the impression he has a lot of power, creating a big stage presence, before he has even spoken. As he begins questioning the characters, Mr Birling is quick to announce that he was Lord Mayor two years ago and Im still on the bench to try and intimidate the Inspector. Answering with a simply Quite so it soon appears that the Inspector has no interest in what Mr Birling has to say. Carrying on the Inspector tells the characters he would Like some information Two hours ago a young women died in the infirmary. Shed been taken there this afternoon because shed swallowed a lot of strong disinfectant They did everything they could for her But she died. Suicide, of course. After his sharp, rather shocking news to the Birlings, Mr Birling, being his usual obnoxious self, is quick to respond impatiently to the inspector. Telling the Inspector, Yes, yes horrid business this creates a sense of arrogance coming from Mr Birling, showing he doesnt really care what the Inspector has to say and questioning why he is being told if he isnt even concerned with such news. The Inspector is not friendly to the family and this is soon discovered when he answers to the Birlings using a short and blunt tone. The Inspector uses this way of speech to show he has not arrived for a friendly chat and is simply at the house for business. The Inspectors presence is soon resented by Mr Birling, as he sees no reason for the Inspector to be there. .u5e9401872ef9db58605281b4e1eae831 , .u5e9401872ef9db58605281b4e1eae831 .postImageUrl , .u5e9401872ef9db58605281b4e1eae831 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5e9401872ef9db58605281b4e1eae831 , .u5e9401872ef9db58605281b4e1eae831:hover , .u5e9401872ef9db58605281b4e1eae831:visited , .u5e9401872ef9db58605281b4e1eae831:active { border:0!important; } .u5e9401872ef9db58605281b4e1eae831 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5e9401872ef9db58605281b4e1eae831 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5e9401872ef9db58605281b4e1eae831:active , .u5e9401872ef9db58605281b4e1eae831:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5e9401872ef9db58605281b4e1eae831 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5e9401872ef9db58605281b4e1eae831 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5e9401872ef9db58605281b4e1eae831 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5e9401872ef9db58605281b4e1eae831 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5e9401872ef9db58605281b4e1eae831:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5e9401872ef9db58605281b4e1eae831 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5e9401872ef9db58605281b4e1eae831 .u5e9401872ef9db58605281b4e1eae831-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5e9401872ef9db58605281b4e1eae831:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Why focus on Environmental Protection? Almost any EssayHe is not concerned about what Mr Birling says, the result of which is to try to threaten and intimidate the Inspector. He brushes off the sarcastic comments of Mr Birling, and continues by Cutting through, massively and carrying on his with his account or Eva Smith. He cleverly does this before Mr Birling continued to question the Inspector and became completely arrogant to what the Inspector has to say. Priestly created the Inspector very cunningly to show that people like Mr Birling, are soon made to look preposterous in what they are saying, which soon makes both characters and the audience begin to listen to the I nspector. Using the Inspector as his own voice, Priestley can get across his own right wing views and opinions on society, to then educate the audience on community and how we should all begin to look out for one another. This creates a dramatic impact as he soon begins to put across his socialist views, which teaches the audience, before it is too late, like in the play. The Inspector is still able to control the situation in a composed manner, talking Calmly to the family, but still having complete control on the whole atmosphere and mood of the room. This shows how dominant and controlling the Inspector is on the family, with only using speech. He walks straight out, leaving them staring, subdued and wondering. The Inspectors dramatic exit brings the whole play to a standstill. We then speculate, what happens to him next, and begin to wonder what the Inspectors reason was for knocking at the Birlings. On his dramatic exit, the Inspector leaves the family stunned and in shock, with no second thoughts of what has just happened. Before he exits, the Inspector reminds each family member of what they have done to help kill Eva Smith. Reminding them that they all shared responsibility for Evas Death. This adds the final touch of guilt to the family, as they are then left to think and reminisce of the consequences of their actions. Both audience and characters are then left in silence which adds dramatic anxiety to the whole theatre. Not knowing whether the Inspector will come back as a consequence, or if he is gone for good. Priestley cleverly created this atmosphere as to make the audience then start thinking about the characters actions, and the way they deal with the situation being placed in front of them. This then takes us back to everything the family had said, and to Mr Birlings speeches before the Inspector arrived and interrupted. Making the audience continue discussing between themselves after watching the play about what Mr Birling had said and who they believe the Inspector really was, makes the well made play fill Priestleys expectations. At the end of An Inspector Calls Priestley has very ingeniously got across his views on second wing politics and social responsibility, using the Inspector as his own voice.

War in Afghanistan essays

War in Afghanistan essays Due to September 11, 2001, the U.S. government has learned that Usama Bin Laden was tied to the horrifying terrorist attacks on America. Since then, America has gone to war killing large numbers of Afghani civilians. Their aim was to bring Bin Laden out of hiding. Bin Ladens acts of terror justified the Americans terrorism in the name of protecting the USA. The most tragic aspect of this so called war on terror is the economic state of Afghanistan. In America of coarse although the cost of war is highly expensive, in the billions, it is manageable. For the people in Afghanistan war is not only killing them physically but it has drained them of all their scarce resources. Their economy was nowhere as stable and evolved as America to begin with, and soon they will have no more money to eat, and only starvation can prevail. This problem makes the war unfair and immoral. Innocent people did die on September 11th and nobody deserves the pain and agony of the terrorists terrible ac tions, but now we have done the same and it is in our hands to fix the problems of our corrupt government. One method of solving the problems in Afghanistan is to aid them. We already have aided the people in refugee camps with food and care, but this type of aid is not going to help end the war. The war is hurting innocent people while the warlords are running out of our country and establishing organizations in other countries. For America, there are no benefits from winning the war other then the satisfaction of standing up and being proud. We should do what America does for Israel. We are not in war with them but we have chosen to send them money to fight a war. Thus if it is ok for most the companies in America to send fractions of their proceeds to Israel for them to buy more and more guns and warfare, then it should be ok to do the same for Afghanistan. This will cause a bond between countries ra ...

A Managerial Strategy Essay Example for Free

A Managerial Strategy Essay Health care (764) , Manager (226) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints ? The principal purpose and function of healthcare organizations is to ensure that their services. Above all their duties is geared towards caring for their patient’s health and emphasize the ability of the organization to serve their patients skillfully and responsibly. Further, they offer different types of services which include medical and behavioral health care services, accordingly, this includes public and community health care programs and in the contemporary scenario, corporate power. As a matter of fact, it has been stressed in The Well-Managed Healthcare Organization that in order to ensure that a healthcare organization is really doing its task of safeguarding the health of its patients (and not really attracting them to be its client), a health organization should improve the quality of its services (Griffith & White, 2006), which strengthens the argument of harnessing the managerial skills of healthcare practitioners. Moreover, it should also maintain a well-facilitated plant in which the patients are being accommodated.   Given with such instances, it highlights the perception that healthcare organizations are mandated to implement certain administrative methods to meet the mounting complications derived over by societal challenges (Griffith & White, 2006). One of the cited feasible and efficient techniques in achieving managerial success is proper organization of the activities and the developmental plan of the entity.   It is through the alignment of program objectives that the goals are obtained and prevents the rise of problems which deals with conflicts or miscommunication. If the programs are aligned well, then the members of the organization shall have a clear vision on what to expect, and oversee necessary changes so as to improve their performance.   Simple logic basically revolves in the verity of the strategy; common problems arise when the organization has no definite goals which lead to disorientation. Similar to that of business entities, healthcare practitioners must also take the challenge of facing the waves of managerial confrontations. Griffith, J. R., & White, K. R. (2006). The Well-Managed Healthcare Organization (6th ed.). New York: Health Administration Press. A Managerial Strategy. (2017, Feb 17).

Web-based system Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Web-based system - Research Paper Example First, in a relational table, the rows should always be distinct. Second, the values in the column should not be repeating groups or allays. Examples of relational database systems include MySQL, MS SQL Server, and PostgreSQL(Ticknor and Corcoran, 2011). The traditional way where databases were just one long text files known as tab delimited file was very tedious because the user had to search through the whole file in order to get the required data. However, relational databases make it very easy to find information and sort it according to field and produce reports that have only the required fields. Also, they help the user to compare data quickly due to the arrangement of information in columns, which helps relational database to build new tables from the information available on the existing tables. Moreover, relational databases are flexible since different tables with data can be manipulated easily by operators according to their needs (Ticknor and Corcoran, 2011). The security control, as well authorization can be easily implemented by moving certain attributes in a table into a different relation that has its own authorization controls among others. However, relational databases tend to have low performance especially in if the tables are large and many. They also consume a lot of physical storage and they extract data meaning quite slowly. A non relational database refers to a database that does not integrate the table/key model, which is promoted by the relational databases. They require manipulation of data processes and the applied techniques provide solutions to big data solutions mainly faced by large companies. The main examples of relational database systems include NoSQL and MongoDB. O’Brien and Marakas (2011) point out that non-relational databases are mainly incorporated into websites like Yahoo, Facebook and Amazon. However, although relational databases have

Systems Analysis and Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Systems Analysis and Design - Essay Example At this stage, the systems engineer is required to â€Å"design the user interface and identify all necessary outputs, inputs and processes† (Shelly, Cashman and Rosenblatt, 2008, p. 22). In this report, the major information systems techniques and tools will be discussed with special reference to the managerial implications of different CBIS components, techniques and tools. There is special focus on addressing business needs as per the perspective of information systems. Discussion Business Information System Components The main components of an information system are people, data, processes, hardware, software and communications. This holds true for a business information system (BIS) too. People are the element of a CBIS who design, install, communicate, execute processes, and manage the databases. Data can be defined as the information part of CBIS. It is essential for running the software and understanding various organisational issues and scenarios. The element of proce sses is the set of definitions, descriptions, rules and instructions, which guides the people in implementing and operating the CBIS. Further, hardware consists of the computers and their peripherals which are a part of the CBIS. It also includes the networking devices such as switches and routers. Software applications play a functional role in the CBIS. Software is necessary developing and running the system design and running the CBIS. Finally, communication is the component that helps in staffs’ and departments’ coordination inside a business house (Stair and Reynolds, 2011) So dividing the BIS (that is, a corporate level CBIS) among the components of people, data, processes, hardware, software and communications is advantageous for a systems engineer to standardise the system design and compare with available paradigms and benchmark. For example, dividing a given information system into standard components helps a systems engineer to organise the different program ming techniques using advanced programming languages like Java and UML (Dennis, Wixom and Tegarden, 2012). Dynamic Diagrams and Rich Pictures Dynamic diagrams are based on isometric projections  that help in mapping web sites, developing software programs like MAPA, and publishing certain advanced blogging systems (Kahn, Lenk and Kaczmarek, 2001). Rich Pictures, on the other hand, are a category of diagrams that can help to relate one’s own experiences and observations to a certain problem situation presented before him/her. This further involves organisation of the development of different business related concepts visibly (Avison, Golder and Shah, 1992). The most important advantage of dynamic diagram is that it helps the user to navigate through the systems. Moreover, it helps the systems designer to detect would-be navigation issues. For example, pictorial representation of the sitemap of a corporate website is helpful for both the customers and systems engineers of the company. Advantage of using rich pictures is that it helps to establish relationships between situations and technologies. For example, user experience with a technology can be described through visible illustrations with the help of rich pictures. Krishnamurti (2011) has used rich pictures to successfully illustrate that how 3D graphics can be applied to enhance construction site management and technology (see Figure

Discuss the varying roles of the promotion Essay Example for Free

Discuss the varying roles of the promotion Essay This would increase the quality of life to the families living at home dramatically, from living of just one dollar a day to the minimum wage of an employee in an MEDC. Some people believe that you can put large amount of aid into a country, or even create a neo-liberastic situation – however, the countries that are currently regarded as LDCs or even LEDCs will always be in that situation and it’ll never change. This is due to their geographical location, and how so many external factors are taken into consideration such as the climate, the droughts and the inability to grow many things within the climate. Biologist Jared Diamond in his book ‘guns germs and steal’ wrote heavily on this point, in this he effectively believed that the development of a country is completely reliant on their location rather than the people within it. To an extent this is true, 33 out of the 50 countries are just below the Sahara desert in terrible conditions. They have little crops that are able to grow on their land, which used to be the first stage of development many years ago – the animals that graze are few in terms of species and overall are on a complete natural disadvantage. Arguably geography created the countries into what they are today. For example, the harsh conditions led to people unable to make many by selling their crops – this led to crime, as people needed more money to survive. This endless struggle continued and the crime, corruption and civil wars just became out of control. Similarly, economists agree that these countries have too many problems to be able to compete on a global market, such as internal conflicts/ HIV and AIDs. These huge problems all contribute to the unrest of the countries in question. Many companies may disagree with moving their factories to Africa, not only would they have to adapt their designs to fit with the harsh environment. Also with 22. 5 million adults and children who have HIV/ AIDs in sub Saharan Africa, would also contribute to the potentially weak workforce – making the productivity of those factories less. This is mainly why many economists believe there is no way that they will be competitive within the workforce. In many developing countries around the world aid is directly given to the government and the public sector. With the increase in trade, it can directly add to the successfulness of exportesr within the private sector. Many governments have seemed to prefer aid, however it does not necessarily mean this is the best way of improving the quality of life for the people within it. Many LDCs struggle to receive a large amount tax from their people, and having a weak private sector reduces their chances even further in developing – which is why governments of LDCs prefer aid to support their infrastructure. Tony Blair believed that we needed a $25 billion increase, doubling the annual aid, to countries within Africa by 2010 – and an even further $25 billion by 2015. However, this aid only improves the country in the short term – for example Japan’s recent natural disaster of an 8. 9 earthquake on the Richter scale, may need for external aid which may be essential to get them back on their feat. But too much aid and it could lead to a dependency culture, in which countries are just merely reliant on aid without trying to achieve a goal for their country or to increase their countries quality of life. The argument comes into the idea that â€Å"if you give a man a fish, you feed him for a day. But if you give him a fishing rod, you feed him for a lifetime†; aid is simply just a means to get by it is not a good enough plan for the future. While trade can effectively set you up for the future, and hopefully increase the revenue of that country and thus increasing the quality of life. I believe that the most important provision is trade, however for the trade to be optimized there are many problems which need to be addressed – such as political stability. If a country does not rid itself of some of its problems, the trade that a LDC does will just go straight back into the corrupt leader.

My Good and Bad Habits :: Personal Narrative Essays

My Good and Bad Habits A habit can be many things, some good, some not so good. Everyone has habits that they would like to change and maybe improve upon. I believe the majority of habits I have are good ones but some are not. These bad habits are the ones I will talk about. Smoking is a bad habit that is not only harmful to myself, but also to the people around me, namely my wife and children. They are the ones that receive the most harmful and the most concentrated amounts of smoke. I inhale through a filter, my wife and children do not. Another of my irritating and potentially harmful habits is my ability to let anger build up inside and redirect it to another source. The main reason that I say that this is potentially harmful is that when a man lets his anger build up over an extended length of time he eventually becomes a bomb, ready to explode at any time. This anger could show up at any time and be redirected toward anything, such as cars, other people, or things in the home. After the birth of my first child, I had to learn to develop constructive ways to vent anger. One of those ways was to go off alone, count to ten, and think about what it was that made me angry. After I discovered the root of my anger, I often asked myself, "Will it do me or anyone else any good to be angry?", and, "Will being angry do anything to solve the problem", and the answer to both questions was usually no. By the time I had done the walking and thinking, I was usually not angry anymore. Even in light of these habits I believe the worst habit is my use of foul language. I know that "four letter words" are only a sign of a limited vocabulary but old habits die hard. I believe I have gotten better after my son was born, due to the fact that it seemed he could repeat the "s" word more plainly than he could say "ball" and usually at the most inopportune times.

Course Work Essay

Choose a type of advertisement (newspaper, magazine, outdoor, radio, Internet, and so on) to research, and then answer the following questions. a. Find the Web site for a company that sells this type of advertisement (such as newspaper, magazine, outdoor, radio, Internet, or another type of ad). What is this company’s name? (0. 5 points) Google adwords. b. Describe at least one type of advertisement you can purchase from this company, including any details about the size, length, color, or other features of the advertisement. (2-6 sentences. . 0 points) You can buy online advertisement. You can do a couple of sentences. It is pay per click. c. How much does this type of advertisement cost? (1-2 sentences. 1. 0 points) It will cost around 16 cents per click d. Do you think this type of advertisement would be effective for your company? Why or why not? (2-5 sentences. 2. 0 points) No I don’t. The amount of people who actually clicks it would be low and the amount who buy are lower. 5. Choose a different type of advertisement to research, and then answer the following questions. . Find the Web site for a company that sells this type of advertisement (such as newspaper, magazine, outdoor, radio, Internet, or another type of ad). What is this company’s name? (0. 5 points) Yuma sun b. Describe at least one type of advertisement you can purchase from this company, including any details about the size, length, color, or other features of the advertisement. (2-6 sentences. 2. 0 points) They have newspaper ads and you get photos and words c. How much does this type of advertisement cost? 1-2 sentences. 1. 0 points) it cost 22 dollars. d. Do you think this type of advertisement would be effective for your company? Why or why not? (2-5 sentences. 2. 0 points) Yes a lot of people like to support local efforts. 6. Describe at least 2 features of your product or service. (2-4 sentences. 2. 0 points) We create fun and immersive games. Inexpensive and high quality. 7. Describe at least 2 benefits of your product or service. (2-4 sentences. 2. 0 points) It will allow you to spend hours in one game.

Studying Fossil Fuels Use In Singapore Environmental Sciences Essay

Singapore is a little state with no natural resources, it is important to diversify the state ‘s energy beginnings so as to guarantee that this will non restrict Singapore ‘s economic fight and growing. Currently, the gas-fired power works generates 80 % of the state ‘s electricity and the staying 20 % coming from the oil-fired power works [ 1 ] . The Energy Market Authority ( EMA ) has predicted that there would be an increasing gas ingestion demand in the electricity sector [ 2 ] . Therefore, there is an increasing demand to look for other energy beginnings such as coal and liquefied natural gas ( LNG ) , and besides atomic energy in distant hereafter [ 1 ] . In add-on to happening the alternate energy beginnings, safeguarding the environment is besides an of import undertaking for the state. It is reported that electricity coevals histories for about half of the C dioxide ( CO ­Ã‚ ­2 ) emanation in Singapore [ 3 ] . Therefore, there is a demand to look for cleaner fuels in order to cut down C dioxide emanations so as to minimise its part to planetary heating. This paper will give an overview of the hazards, impacts, advantages, every bit good as the disadvantages of utilizing coal and LNG as alternate energy beginnings in Singapore. Coal Coal is a non-crystalline solid fuel which consists of chiefly C formed from the remains of organic affair under the Earth ‘s surface for 1000000s of old ages. It besides contains trace sums of sulfur, quicksilver and radioactive stuffs. Hazard and Impacts of Coal One of the hazards associated with the usage of coal as energy fuel is that coal degrades in reserves upon subjugation to weathering and atmospheric oxidization. This implies that the belongingss and constructions of stored coal can be altered and therefore, doing them less valuable for intended usage. Therefore, in order to keep the belongingss of the majority coal, big coal atoms with smaller surface-to-volume ratio are preferred since a smaller overall effectual surface country slows down the rate of debasement. However, larger coal atom size would ensue in more null infinite, taking up valuable storage infinite, bring forthing less energy per unit volume which leads to higher transit costs [ 4 ] . In the event that smaller coal atoms are employed alternatively, oxidation and debasement of coal would take topographic point at a faster rate due to increased effectual surface country. This may bespeak that coal is non suited for usage under Singapore ‘s clime of high humidness degrees which aggravate the coal debasement job. Coal has high oxidization affinity which could ensue in self-generated burning during storage [ 4 ] . Heat coevals can happen from the exothermal oxidization reaction, and wetting ( heat of wetting ) . While the rate of heat dissipation is slower than the rate of heat coevals, heat build-up occurs. This frequently leads to self-generated burning that may be hard to command one time a reserve gimmicks fire [ 4 ] . The issue affecting coal debasement is that dust atoms would be released when the coal is exposed to environment [ 4 ] . The production of all right atoms would degrade air quality and can trip societal wellness concerns, particularly when inter-building distance is smaller in Singapore. It would decline the wellness conditions of people who are enduring from lungs- and eye-related wellness jobs. Having assessed the hazards affecting the usage of coal, the impacts associated are besides analyzed. If stored in unfastened reserves, the coal is non merely subjected to weave eroding which will increase particulate pollutants in the air, but besides rains that are frequent in Singapore ‘s clime that will do coal pile overflow. The H2O oozing through the hemorrhoids would fade out or leach heavy metals and toxic organic substances within, and finally travel into the belowground H2O, which may do its manner to reservoirs and H2O catchments. Contaminated H2O can do farther societal wellness jobs and would be damaging to marine aquatic life. Besides the issue related to char storage, combustion of coal can take to serious environmental jobs. 20 % of the planetary nursery gas emanations emitted are the consequence of coal firing [ 5 ] . In United States entirely, 51.6 metric tons of quicksilver were released into the air yearly from coal power Stationss [ 6 ] . It will be expected that more quicksilver is released if Singapore increases her use of coal. Mercury is toxic and poses a menace to both human species and marine beings. Accretion of quicksilver in the organic structure can do harm to encephalon and kidneys. Singapore has ratified the Kyoto Protocol in 2006, which has ordinances on emanations and in consequence, punishments have to be paid for emanations [ 5 ] . This would be a great impact when Singapore adopts coal power because it has significantly more emanations compared to oil and gas. Punishments for CO2 emanation are expected to increase over clip due to more rigorous controls in topographic point, and would likely do coal power less attractive as an alternate fuel for energy variegation. Advantages of Coal Due to the high handiness of coal, the cost of coal is low compared to natural gas or crude oil. Based on research carried out by Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , the cost of coal is ~ $ 1-2 per million BTU, compared to $ 6-12 per million BTU for natural gas or crude oil [ 7 ] . Therefore, the usage of coal enables a lower capital investing in the natural stuff. Greater nest eggs from procurance of low-priced natural stuff enables better flexibleness in investing for pollution control in cut downing CO2 emanation. Coal militias could last much longer than gas and oil. In order to enable Singapore to prolong long-run energy demands, a dependable supply of fuel is a cardinal consideration. Harmonizing to probes carried out, the ratio of the militias to production rate ( based on the current ingestion tendencies ) has revealed that coal could last for another 155 old ages, which is much longer than in the instance of oil and gas ( 40 and 65 old ages severally ) [ 6 ] . Si ngapore can see coal as one of its option in energy beginnings variegation since the low cost and durable supply of coal render it attractive, and therefore makes Singapore economically more competitory [ 8 ] . Coal is a major beginning of energy in many states like China, US, and India. As the supply will non run out in the close hereafter, researches are proactive to develop advanced clean coal engineerings, including gasification and liquefaction for C dioxide gaining control and storage [ 7 ] . Furthermore, the lifting costs of oil and gas as a consequence of depleting beginnings would force the development of such engineerings at a faster rate, doing coal power emanations comparable to oil and gas power. China as the universe largest coal consumer would unlikely halt the use of coal. Alternatively of change overing to alternative cleaner fuels that may incur substructure costs while decelerating down its advancement, research on advanced methods for continual use of coal at a much lower emanation would be developed by them. With new methods being developed, coal power emanations would be of all time diminishing along the clip line [ 7 ] . For case, CO2 Capture and Storage ( CCS ) which is presently in development is expected to do coal power a feasible power option with an expected 20-60 % addition in usage compared to today ‘s degree. With CCS, CO2 emanations from firing coal can be reduced to merely half to a 3rd of the sum of emanations today, which makes it comparable to CO2 emanations from burning of gas and oil at present times [ 7 ] . Disadvantages of Coal Despite the fact that coal is lower in cost, the comparative energy content per unit weight is low excessively [ 4 ] . Sing two indistinguishable trucks transporting the same volume of coal and crude oil, the truck transporting crude oil gives higher energy output content. Consequently, higher cost is incurred in the transit of coal. Currently, H2O conveyance offers a lower cost alternate to railway, but there is an increasing ordinance on fuel for Marine conveyance, which will further increase cost of coal transit. Stocking of coal requires stock heap direction, which would likely be much more strict than anyplace else as land is scarce in this state [ 5 ] . Coal storage is comparatively land area-intensive. Other considerations include the clime of Singapore, which rains are expected to happen often, unfastened hemorrhoids are improbable to be considered. Storage in enclosed silos or sand traps would, nevertheless, incur higher capital costs and can restrict enlargement capablenesss. Gas fired power workss emit 70 % lesser CO2 per unit of electrical end product, and petroleum-based systems emit 50 % lesser CO2 than coal-burning power [ 7 ] . LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS ( LNG ) Liquefied natural gas is natural gas that undergoes liquefaction and it consists chiefly of methane. During the procedure of liquefaction, drosss like H2O, N, C dioxide, H sulphide and other S compounds are removed. The beginnings of gas are well-diversified. Soon, the type of natural gas used in Singapore is the Piped Natural Gas ( PNG ) obtained from Indonesia and Malaysia. Singapore considers LNG as an alternate energy beginning as it starts the building of the liquified natural gas terminus in Jurong Island, so as to purchase gas from Qatar, every bit good as other possible LNG providers such as Australia and Oman [ 2 ] . Hazards and Impacts of LNG The hazards involved in LNG prevarication in its containment and handling. Under ambient temperature and force per unit area, natural gas in its liquid signifier occupies 1/600th times the volume of its tantamount gas signifier. If LNG were to get away into the ambiance, it will zap rapidly taking to the undermentioned jeopardies: ( 1 ) formation of a gas cloud with many times the volume of associated LNG which may attach to with hazards such as fire or detonation ; ( 2 ) terrible brickle break harm to reaching stuffs such as C and low metal steel constructions at cryogenic temperature ; ( 3 ) terrible hurt to personnel coming into contact with the cryogenic stuff [ 9 ] . The release of LNG would non ensue in fire unless it is exposed to an ignition beginning when its volume in air is between 5 % and 15 % [ 10 ] . If this happens in or near to residential part, the abodes who face the fire would have thermic radiation harm. In instance if LNG escape were to go on in the cloaca systems, it would bring forth flammable bluess that would detonate under parturiency and doing farther harm [ 9 ] . In add-on, vaporized LNG can do suffocation when released into a confined country as O concentration is reduced. During the transit of LNG, oilers are comparatively vulnerable to transgress by hit with heavy supplanting ships even if at the most moderate velocities. Such incidents are likely to happen within port where heavy supplanting ships and LNG oilers portion the same operating environment. In add-on, spillage can happen when LNG oiler travels through difficult point obstructors ( for case, concrete hemorrhoids and stone pinnacles ) . Upon impact, terrible harm to the bottom construction of the LNG oiler could ensue in interior hull incursion. Nevertheless, hazard of major spillage can be greatly reduced the two-base hit hulled design [ 9 ] . Singapore ‘s displacement in accent to LNG has raised the concerns of general public with respects to the storage and transit of LNG, particularly after some efforts of onslaughts by terrorists. However, for the same ground stated under hazard of loss in containment of LNG, pure methane will non light in the presence of an explosive charge without premixing with the right proportions of air. In instance of terrorist onslaught, the likely consequence on LNG installations would be a big pool fire alternatively of an detonation. Hence, LNG armored combat vehicles and oilers are non attractive marks for terrorists who seek to execute monolithic devastation to population lives [ 11 ] . Advantages of LNG Singapore depends on natural gas and crude oil as its chief beginnings of energy supply, which makes these options vulnerable to monetary value fluctuation and supply break. Therefore, LNG offers the chance of significant variegation off from current fuel supplies, enabling Singapore to keep its security of supply while maintaining electricity costs every bit low as possible to maintain concern and consumer costs down. The providers of LNG are good diversified as identified earlier. Hence, LNG may easy be available in copiousness. Even though LNG is a non-renewable resource, its supply worldwide is sufficient to run into the demands of Singapore for the following two decennaries, harmonizing to EMA [ 12 ] . Compared to other fossil fuels, LNG is considered as an environmentally-friendlier and cleaner fuel. LNG contains about wholly methane and no other drosss such as metals, sulfur and N since the liquefaction procedure has removed such drosss from natural gas to forestall solids formation as the gas is refrigerated. As such, LNG burning will surely ensue in less air pollution and lower C dioxide and azotic oxide emanation every bit good as atom emanations. In add-on, the emanations of sulfur dioxide are besides negligible compared to char and oil. Hence, the usage of LNG will assist to cut down jobs of acerb rain and nursery consequence. Due to the high volatility of LNG, it will non blend with H2O or dirt in instance of spillage on H2O or land. Alternatively, it will vaporize and disperse rapidly into the air without any residues. Water and land pollutions are therefore avoided. In footings of flammability, LNG has higher flammability bound ( 5 % ) compared to other fuels like Liquefied Petroleum Gas ( LPG ) ( 2.1 % ) or gasolene ( 1.3 % ) . This implies that for a given volume, more LNG bluess are required to light. Besides, LNG vapour has the highest autoignition temperature ( 1004 oF ) compared to other liquid fuels like LPG ( 850-950oF ) , gasolene ( 495 oF ) and diesel fuel ( about 600oF ) . Since LNG occupies 600 times less infinite than natural gas at ambient conditions, less storage infinite is required. It is besides easier to transport LNG though grapevines than natural gas. In footings of energy coevals, LNG has high net energy output. Hence, the usage of LNG will give higher efficiency compared to oil in power works. Disadvantages of LNG Although LNG is considered as a cleansing agent fuel, it besides contributes to planetary heating to a little extent. Methane, which is the chief component in LNG, is besides a nursery gas which will increase the methane degree in the ambiance if released. In tropical part like Singapore, one definite challenge is to maintain LNG as liquid. This could imply a important sum of energy ingestion to take down the temperatures of the LNG armored combat vehicles [ 13 ] . In order to keep LNG as liquid without excessively much chilling, expensive substructure is required for LNG storage and transit [ 11 ] . Economically, the operations of LNG are capital intensive due to big sum of disbursals needed for the building of liquefaction installations, transit grapevines and purchase of specially designed oilers and LNG ship. High transit cost of LNG from other states to Singapore constitutes portion of the cost excessively. Furthermore, being the lone receiving and regasification terminus in Singapore, the LNG terminus may monopolise LNG supply. In other words, the users may hold to bear higher monetary values. Even though LNG oilers and installations are less likely marks for terrorists, any successful onslaught could ensue in loss of substructures that are highly valuable. Therefore, seashore guards are needed to guarantee the safety and security of the LNG oilers. By beef uping security along coastlines and port installations, Acts of the Apostless of terrorist act and incidents can be prevented. However, while guaranting larboard security is indispensable, transportation paths are every bit vulnerable. If any incidents or onslaughts were to happen in the center of a sound, LNG supplies and all other flows of trade via the same transition would be disrupted. Decision Coal is the cheaper signifier of energy that is besides extremely abundant. It could, nevertheless, degrade when exposed to oxygen, ensuing in it being a hapless quality fuel. Due to take down energy content per unit volume, coal would take up big storage infinites in land-scarce Singapore. Environmental pollution could originate from the release of coal dust which is a menace to public ‘s wellness. Heavy metals and other drosss found in coal are harmful pollutants that are likely to be released upon debasement. However, development of new clean-coal engineerings can be expected from big coal consumers such as China, US and India. Like coal, Liquefied Natural Gas ( LNG ) will help Singapore in get bying with the demand in electricity as a cleansing agent and abundant signifier of fuel. The monopolization of LNG terminus in Singapore could, nevertheless, unfavorably consequence in consumers paying higher monetary value for LNG fuel. The storage infinite for LNG is much smaller than natural gas, which fits good for Singapore whereby land is scarce. When assorted in 5 % to 15 % with air, LNG will light upon exposure to an ignition beginning. Most of all, LNG is a much cleansing agent and efficient signifier of energy compared to other fuels and burn with minimum atom residues and environmental pollution. The hazards associated with the handling of coal and LNG can be minimized by following with industrial criterions and ordinances. While the clime of Singapore disfavours the storage of both coal and LNG, the scheme for energy variegation utilizing these two options shall render our energy system resilient for the following 20 old ages.

Correcting Run-On Sentences Proofreading Practice

Correcting Run-On Sentences Proofreading Practice This exercise will give you practice in identifying and correcting run-on sentences. Before attempting the exercise, you may find it helpful to review how to  correct a run-on sentence with a period or semicolon  and  correcting run-ons through coordination and subordination. The following paragraph contains three run-on sentences (fused sentences and/or comma splices). Read the paragraph aloud and mark any run-on sentences that you find. Then correct each run-on according to the method you think is most effective. When you have completed the exercise, compare your corrections with the following paragraph below it. Run-On Sentence Exercise Why I Had to Get Rid of the Monster Although I am a dog-lover by nature, I recently had to give away my three-month-old retriever, Plato. I had several good reasons for doing so. A few months ago I picked up the dog at the Humane Society as a Christmas gift for my girlfriend. Alas, she dumped me on Christmas Eve I was left to console myself by caring for the dog. Thats when my true misery began. For one thing, Plato was not housebroken. Throughout the apartment he left little mementos, staining rugs and furniture and fouling the air, he would burrow under any newspapers I laid down for him. To make matters worse, his untamed potty habits were supported by an insatiable appetite. Not content with a sack of Kibbles n Bits every day, he would also gnaw at the couch and shred clothes, sheets, and blankets, one night he chewed up a friends new pair of clogs. Finally, Plato simply wasnt happy being cooped up by himself in a small apartment. Whenever I left, he would begin whimpering, and that soon turned into furious barking . As a result, my neighbors were threatening to murder both me and the monster, as they took to calling him. So, after six weeks of life with Plato, I gave him away to my uncle in Baxley. Fortunately, Uncle Jerry is quite accustomed to animal feed, waste, noise, and destruction. Corrected Version of Run-On Sentence Paragraph Below is the corrected version of the paragraph used in the exercise above. Why I Had to Get Rid of the Monster Although I am a dog-lover by nature, I recently had to give away my three-month-old retriever, Plato. I had several good reasons for doing so. A few months ago I picked up the dog at the Humane Society as a Christmas gift for my girlfriend.  Alas, when she dumped me on Christmas Eve, I was left to console myself by caring for the dog.  Thats when my true misery began. For one thing, Plato was not housebroken.  Throughout the apartment he left little mementos, staining rugs and furniture and fouling the air. He would burrow under any newspapers I laid down for him.  To make matters worse, his untamed potty habits were supported by an insatiable appetite.  Not content with a sack of Kibbles n Bits every day, he would also gnaw at the couch and shred clothes, sheets, and blankets. One night he chewed up a friends new pair of clogs.  Finally, Plato simply wasnt happy being cooped up by himself in a small apartment. Whenever I left, he would begin whimpering, and that soon tur ned into furious barking. As a result, my neighbors were threatening to murder both me and the monster, as they took to calling him. So, after six weeks of life with Plato, I gave him away to my uncle in Baxley. Fortunately, Uncle Jerry is quite accustomed to animal feed, waste, noise, and destruction.

The risks associated with ionizing radiation in medical imaging Assignment

The risks associated with ionizing radiation in medical imaging practice, and the precaution required to protect against them - Assignment Example However, the shorter wave length, higher frequency waves such as X-rays and gamma rays are used in the medical imaging techniques and can be biologically fatal (WHO, 2011) (Figure 1). Ionizing radiation can be categorized into two forms. The first one is the radiation in the form of EM wave, such as an x-ray or gamma ray and the second one is the radiation in form of particle, such as an alpha or beta particle, neutron, or proton (DeLima Associates 1993, 1-48). X-rays are radiations that are artificially generated using machine. Gamma rays are EM waves that are released from the nucleus of an unsteady atom. The various forms of ionizing radiation have different effect on the biological systems (Holmes, White and Gaffney, 2011). However, these radiations are of great use in the medical science and have contributed significantly in medical imaging practice. This paper highlights the risks linked with the use of ionizing radiation in medical imaging practice and the necessary precaution s that needs to be taken while handling it. Roentgen was the person who discovered X-rays in the year 1895. Since then the use of ionizing radiation in medicine expanded (Holmes, White and Gaffney, 2011). Today, medical science uses both ionizing and non-ionizing radiations in imaging techniques. The ultrasound uses the acoustic pulses for echo-ranging imaging or in case of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) radio-waves are combined with high-field magnets to produce images. Both ultrasound and MRI make use of non-ionizing radiations. On the other hand the medical imaging techniques that use ionizing radiation consist of those images produced by the use of x-rays or gamma rays. Both x-rays and gamma rays are high energy, short wave-length EM radiation that can penetrate through almost all tissues. Gamma rays are produced as a result of nuclear decays of radioactive tracers that are introduced into the body and x-rays come from x-ray tube in which high speed electrons are bombarded to a small spot on a tungsten anode target. When radiation passes through the body, it is differentially captivated by tissues. For example, calcium is abundantly present in the body and has a higher atomic weight when compared to hydrogen that forms a major component of tissue water. Therefore, the ionizing radiation is taken up differently in different parts of the tissue. In this process if the tissue atoms are ionized, they become chemically reactive and can cause serious cell damage. Therefore, when these medical imaging techniques are inevitably used precautions need to be taken. One of the most common imaging techniques is the X-rays which is highly useful diagnostically by both computed tomography and film (Yale University School of Medicine 2004). All of us at some point of time have an x-ray examination that aids the physicians’ to diagnose disease or damage in the body structure. In another diagnostic procedure the radionuclides are administered to patients and with t he help of detectors outside the body, the functioning of the organs can be observed. Hence when the physicians need to get an idea of any problem inside the body, they use one of these imaging procedures. In general the radiation doses used in these imaging processes are low. Figure 2 shows the average radiation dose of common radiographic procedures. If we compare the radiation dose that is used in imaging with that used in the treatment of malignant

Intercultural communication in the film Hotel Rwanda Essay

Intercultural communication in the film Hotel Rwanda - Essay Example The film stages the relationship between the protagonist of the movie, Paul, the manager of the local hotel and Colonel Oliver, the peace keeper of the United Nations. The character of the colonel is portrayed as the character that had to bear the shame of the failure of the international agency to intervene peace in the locality of Rwanda. Paul is portrayed as a personal with exceptional leadership quality thathas the ability to make significant decisions at crucial times. Paul is found to deliver a speech in the movie at a time where the conflict has reached its height. In the speech he urges the victims to seek for help from any source they have to save their extinction. He also continues with the speech and let the refugees know that his hotel can no longer provide shelter to them. Throughout the scene in which Paul delivers his speech he depicts a strong body language and the voice of tone suggests the concern he has for the victims. His posture reflected the confidence which he wanted to spread among the people over there. Paul exhibits partial open and closed form of communication throughout his speech delivery. Paul’s performance was quite symbolic in the scenes where he shivers during driving over dead bodies in the city. The movie successfully depicts the relationship which was there in the period of crisis between the Rwandans and the white Americans. In the movie Paul was portrayed as a character that had strong qualities of interpersonal communication.

How to Criticize Up and Down Your Organization and Make It Pay Off Essay

How to Criticize Up and Down Your Organization and Make It Pay Off - Essay Example That said, Weisinger points out that criticism is necessary for growth. For instance, Weisinger (1989) states that the Romantic period in philosophy, politics and the arts came about because the individuals involved with the Romantic period criticized the neoclassical period, and because criticism of the neoclassical followers had their criticism suppressed. Weisinger (1989) further point out that Louis the XIV suppressed criticism, and the response to this was the American and French revolutions. In other words, when criticism is stifled a cataclysm might develop which changes the status quo. Moreover, Weisinger states that criticism from the likes of Galileo, Darwin and Freud changes societies in general. Criticism is necessary for growth, and criticism cannot be suppressed without consequences. Therefore, according to Weisinger (1989), criticism, being necessary for growth and change, and being necessary to influence, motivate and change behavior, must be expressed in a positive w ay so that the criticism can be accepted and useful, as opposed to simply negative and demoralizing. Weisinger further states that there are barriers to individuals accepting criticism and applying the criticism to their lives to makes themselves, and the organization, better. There are psychological hurdles which must be overcome. Weisinger talks in terms of cognitive appraisal, which means that individuals have a mental framework with which they receive information like criticism, and this framework dictates how the criticism will be processed. The framework is built through classical conditioning – criticism in the past has produced a negative response, so present criticism, even if tactfully presented, will also present the negative response. Moreover, since criticism is often portrayed in the media as negative – such as headlines which link criticism to failure – the mind links the two concepts together. Criticism equals failure. Modeling is another psychol ogical force at work, and this means that how one’s family criticized one another is what is known to the individual. If one’s parents responds to criticism by yelling, making retaliatory comments, or leaving the room, the individual is likely to do the same. The modeling focuses upon how one criticizes, as well as how one reacts to criticism. Operant learning is also a force at work, and this is when an individual does X, he gets the result of Y. A worker responds to criticism with anger, so the supervisor backs off. This reinforces the angry response, so that the worker continues to use this response when criticized. Since criticism is obviously necessary, because there can be no growth and change without it, and individuals are hard-wired either to not accept criticism gracefully or to give criticism in a counter-productive manner, what can be done? This question is the focus of Heidringer’s book and and analysis. The bulk of the analysis is that criticism mu st be redefined in a manner that it is not seen as tearing somebody down, but, rather, giving them information which they can use to improve. This is an important message to myself and my future career growth, not just because it is inevitable that I will be criticized, so I need to know how to handle this criticism and apply it so that it is not negative but positive, but also because it will help me learn how to criticize so that any team that I

174 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

174 - Article Example Globalization and merging of business entities has forced most companies to incorporate such systems in their business unit for efficiency. The benefits of an ERP system are discussed below. Business entities that embrace ERP systems attain a competitive advantage through improved business performance (Hitt et al., 2002). This is because it integrates supply chain management, production planning and management, human resource management with other core business functions. Already, this allows the company to realize a multidimensional improvement. ERP systems enable firms to reduce lead times, improve financial management, and proper coordination of information. Oracle ERP systems are strategic in nature. This means that they concentrate on improving company sales, improved customer service, and reduced lead time. Business regulations deter most companies from realizing their set goals due to costs associated with compliance and administration. Therefore, through the use of ERP systems, firms can avoid such costs, and in return improve processes, which can enable them, meet customer demand. Strategically, firms using ERP attain cost leadership, because they have synchronized economies of scale in operations. ERP systems make every department accountable to all activities in their jurisdiction, and thus make them utilize proactive problem solving techniques as compared to reactive ones. Such employee involvement in business operations ensures satisfaction among customers, shareholders, management, and employees themselves. An Oracle ERP system is scalable because it is very easy to modify and upgrading its functionality is achievable. This means that companies using such systems can manage and coordinate activities among all their existing departments for improved efficiency. ERP improves reporting capabilities in operational work. Therefore, it is easy for multiple departments to

Impact of Environment on Health Interventions

Impact of Environment on Health Interventions Assess and discuss the impact the following environmental and attitudinal determinants have on health in terms of planning, implementation, and the evaluation of health interventions: Environmental determinants: Demographic distribution of populations New Zealand’s demographics consists of the gender, ethnicity, religious and economic backgrounds of the people. Currently, New Zealand has a population of over 4.4million people. Over 76 percent of New Zealanders or Kiwis largely live in the urban areas of The North Island which consists of the five largest cities. New Zealand is also considered an ageing country with about 635,300 elderly people (65+ years old) On June 2013, according to Statistics New Zealand, these five largest cities namely, Auckland (Auckland Region) have an estimated population of 1,529,400, Christchurch (Canterbury Region) with 566, 100, Wellington (Wellington Region) with 492, 500, Hamilton (Waikato Region) with 418, 500 and Tauranga (Bay of Plenty Region) with over 278,000. Over one-third of these people live in Auckland alone. The Auckland region is also said to be fastest growing accounting to 46 percent of New Zealand’s population growth. 87 percent of Maoris live in North Island although ab out less than a quarter only live in Auckland. According to Statistics New Zealand, the life expectancy of infants born in 2008 was 78.4 years for males and 82.4 years for females. It is also said that the life expectancy at birth will have increased from 80 to 85 in the year 2050 and infant mortality rate will decline. On December 2013, it was registered that there were 58,717live births and 29,568 deaths in New Zealand. There were also2,461fewer births and531fewer deaths compared with 2012 and the total fertility rate was 2.0 births per woman. New Zealand has an ageing population. This is one of the obvious demographic changes and is evident by datum presented previously. The other two are the decline in fertility and the ageing of the baby boom generation. With these, there are numerous implications to be considered. Here are some of them: Growing number of rest homes and retirement village. Decline in physical and mental function of elderly. Chronic diseases which affect most elderly thus needing more long-term health care. Age-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease, DM, COPD etc therefore, increased demand for acute health care services. Social There are a lot of social implications that may affect the health of each individual. Even in the most prosperous countries, people who are less well-off are likely to be more susceptible to diseases and illness and may be more prone to stress as compared to those who are well-to-do ones. These facts are not just considered health differences in social injustice, but are also it has raised scientific awareness to some of the most vital determinants of health standards in modern societies. It is believed that people’s lifestyle and their living conditions strongly affect their health. There are numerous studies that show that the life expectancy and susceptibility to illness are high further down the social ladder. Several factors may be considered as to why such occurrence is rampant even on the most affluent countries. One of the most common and important factors is stress and may also influence some of the other major issues such as unemployment and social exclusion. Circumstances which make people more apprehensive and unable to cope maybe damaging to the health and may be fatal if not given much attention. Insecurities, low self-esteem and loss of control over work and home life may also be damaging to the health. Such circumstances accumulate in life which may not only affect a person’s physiological health but may affect a person’s mental health as well. Unemployment is considered to be one of the most important and common issues with regards to social matter influencing the health of a person. Like what was mentioned a while ago, stress plays a major role with regards to unemployment. The health effects of unemployment are linked to both its physiological consequences and the financial problem it brings, especially debt. Numerous people who are unemployment undergo prolonged stress due to the fact that they also have their own families to consider, not just themselves. Although there are medical responses to stress with use of drugs, attention should be focused on knowing what causes stress and how to control them. Government should recognise that the welfare programs should focus both on the psychosocial and material needs. They should support families with children and promote coping through rehabilitation and education. Cultural Culture in its broadest form refers to the acceptable norms, practices and behaviours within the identifiable groups in the society. The most obvious cultural groups are those based on ethnic identity, in New Zealand, that would be the Maori people, but other societal groups based on, for example, social class, religion, age (e.g. young people), occupation (e.g. nursing), location (e.g. urban) and leisure-time activity (e.g. sport) also have their own distinct culture. Individuals may be subject to a number of cultural influences simultaneously. For many groups, especially the ethnic groups, culture is central to their well-being and health. Our analysis and understanding of health must place culture as a vital determinant and methods to improve health in different groups must be aware of the influence of culture. In New Zealand’s case, it is important that we understand the culture, behaviour and beliefs of the people especially the Maoris. Maoris culture is known to be dynamic and like any other ethnic groups; they consider their culture as the central to their life. Their practices and beliefs play a great role in their everyday lives that is why health care practitioners should place utmost importance to their culture, remembering that providing care means being able to give them what they need and being able to respect their dignity as human being. This should be true to every country with diverse culture. Political Politics can be loosely defined as the governance of people. It is the idea of influencing them on an individual level. In terms of public health, it is important that the health professionals know how politics works in order for them to raise awareness about specific health issues for instance about tobacco or alcohol use. They should be able to use the political arena effectively for them to be successful with their agenda. Health care professionals may be able to use political arena to improve access to health care or to tackle health care inequalities amongst group of people. It is important that these health care professionals not only know basic knowledge about politics but importantly on how politics impact the people they are giving service to. It is better to have realistic expectations as to what politics can achieve; otherwise it will result to dreamy illusions. REFERENCES: Statistics New Zealand. New Zealand in Profile: 2014. Retrieved from http://www.stats.govt.nz Statistics New Zealand. Estimated subnational population (RC, AU), by age and sex, at 30 June 2006-13 (2013 boundaries). Retrieved from http://www.stats.govt.nz Wilkinson, R., Marmot, M.G. (2003). Social Determinants of Health: The Solid Facts. Copenhagen, Denmark. WHO Regional Office for Europe Mackenbach, J. P. (2014). Political determinants of health. The European Journal of Public Health, 24(1), 2-2. Ministry of Health. Rest Homes. Retrieved from http://www.health.govt.nz Cornwall J and Davey J. (2004). Impact of Population Ageing in New Zealand on the Demand for Health and Disability Support services, and Workforce Implications. A background paper completed for the Ministry of Health in June 2003 by the New Zealand Institute for Research on Ageing (NZiRA) and the Health Services Research Centre (HSRC), Victoria University of Wellington. Wellington: Ministry of Health.

paradigms :: essays research papers

The truth does not change according to our ability to stomach it. "acategories.asp?Author=Flannery+O%27Connor+%281925%2D1964%29" If the facts don't fit the theory, change the facts. "acategories.asp?Author=Albert+Einstein+%281879%2D1955%29" everyone since teh beginning fo time has had their own views and standards for the way that everything around them should be. these views are seemingly set in stone and unchangeable. there are many examples in the past of terrible consequences for expressing views other than the norm at the time. more recently this apprehension to change was described by Thomas Kuhn in his book, The Structure of Scientific Revoulutions. Kuhn’s book was focused on the scientific world. He said that normal science â€Å"means research firmly based upon one or more past scientific achievments, achievments thatsome particular scientific community aacknowledges for a time as supplying the foundation for its further practice† (Kuhn 10). These achievments needed to be unprecedented and open-ended so as to attract a group away from competing ideas and to leave all sorts of problems for this group to resolve. these achievments are called paradigms. a paradigm is defined by Kuhn as â€Å"an accepted canon of scientific practice, including laws, theory, applications, and instrumentation, that provides a model for a particular coherent tradition of scientific research† (Trigger 5). When results arise that cannot be explained through the current paradigm, a new paradigm may begin to form. the new paradigm originates with new theories that are proposed as a result of the anomalies that were found. â€Å"to be accepted as a paradigm, a theory must seem better than its competitors, but it need not, and in fact never does, explain all the facts with which it can be confronted† (Kuhn 17-18). when the new paradigm is finally accepted, a paradigm-shift occurs. the paradigm shift represents Kuhn’s â€Å"scientific revolution†. Once the paradigm-shift is completed normal science returns under the new paradigm until new set of unexplainable facts arise. paradigms help scientific communities to bind their discipline in that they help the scientist to do several things. they help to create avenues fo inquiry, formulate questions, select methods with which to examine questions and define areas fo relevance. Kuhn writes â€Å"In the absence fo a paradigm or some candidate for paradigm, all the facts that could possibly pertain to the development of a given science are likely to seem equally relevant† (Kuhn 15). what he was trying to show was that there must be a way to limit the direction of one’s research based on what is considered to be known from the past.

Marketing the X-Box

Introduction The main aim of this project is to help me understand the marketing process, which is required to launch a new successful product. The new product I will be marketing is the Microsoft X Box. Millions of new products are launched every year worldwide. Most are unsuccessful and are taken off the market after a while. Without marketing a new product is very likely to fail. Microsoft needs to market their products because there is so much choice in the market. Marketing will give Microsoft a better understanding of the market and customers needs and wants. I will be acting as the marketing director within this company. Marketing is basically the management process, which is responsible for identifying potentially profitable products and them selling them to customers. Microsoft is a multi-national successful company with substantial profits and is aiming at a mass market with the X Box rather than a niche market. Microsoft will want to sell to as many places as possible. A marketing plan would help improve the company's performance and increase sales. There's a lot more to marketing than just advertising, marketing involves†¦ > Researching the market and finding out what customers want. > Developing and designing a product that satisfies customers and consumers. > Producing the right amount and to the right quality of the product. > Making sure that the customer is aware of the product and what its about. > Getting the price right so that the product is affordable to customers, but also allows the business to be profitable. > Ensuring that the product is on sale in places convenient to the customers. This can be summed up using a term called the marketing mix or the 4P's, place, product, price and promotion. Place A product is unlikely to be successful if customers find it difficult to purchase. So place is a vital part of the marketing mix. Microsoft needs to consider how to get their products to the customer. Channels of distribution need to be efficient and effective. For a product to sell it must be in the right place at the right time for customers to buy. Microsoft needs to find out where it's convenient for customers to buy the X Box. The X Box is likely to sell more in Electronics Boutique rather than New Look because people go into New Look to buy clothes not games consoles, but people do go into Electronics Boutique to buy computer games or games consoles. I will need to look at: > Where to sell the X Box and why? > Channels of distribution. > Selling to places that wont tarnish the company's good reputation. > Where it's convenient to sell to customers. > Selling to as many places as possible (mass market). > Disadvantages and advantages of selling the X Box in certain places. Product Microsoft have to decide what product or range of products they are going to sell. They also have to decide what quality of product they wish to make and sell, what name to give the product and how it is to be packaged. Another decision is whether to attempt to brand the product. I will have to look at: > The product life cycle and how it could affect the X Box. > Why is the product is called the X Box. > Product range. > Does the product satisfy the needs and wants of the customers? > Research and development of the X Box. > Is Microsoft product orientated or market orientated? > Importance of quality. > Product differentiation. > Disadvantages and advantage of the X Box. Promotion Microsoft needs to decide how best to promote the products they make and sell. The decision involves weighing up the relative cost of each form or promotion and how best to target their customers. They also need to consider the use of advertising agencies. Promotion is all about communicating with potential customers, if the public isn't aware of the X Box then they are not likely to go out and buy it. Microsoft will also have to be careful not to offend potential customers with advertising that discriminates against certain people, e.g. race or gender. When looking at the promotion part of the marketing mix I will have to consider: > Different types of advertising, where to use them, why, the cost and will they be effective. > Different types of promotions, where to use them, why, the cost and will they be effective. > Stages of the product life cycle and how the affect the promotion of the X Box. > Disadvantage and advantage to promotion. Price Price is another element of the marketing mix. Microsoft must decide how to price its product. In making this decision Microsoft has to consider, what are the prices set by competitors, how price can be used to increase sales of the product, whether the price will cover costs of production, whether customers are willing to pay that set price and different pricing strategies such as skimming or penetration pricing. When looking at the price section of the marketing mix I will have to consider a number of things: > Prices set by competitors. > How price can increase or decrease sales. > Does that price cover cost of production? > Are the customers willing to pay that price? > Different pricing strategies such as skimming and penetration. > Disadvantages and advantages to setting that price. If the marketing mix is wrong, for example, the price of the X Box is too high and it is not selling in places convenient to customers, the X Box wont be as successful as it could be. The marketing mix is a vital part of ensuring a new products success, without it the product will fail. Market research is a major part of this project. It can help me to find out the customers needs and wants, which will enable me to create the right marketing mix. The product needs to be affordable, make a profit and to be promoted and sold in the right places. It is also very important that the X Box is aimed at the right segment of the market. The market can be split into different categories: Age Age can be separated into years or stages of life e.g. child, teenager, adult or pensioner. Microsoft mainly targets adults with their existing products. With the X Box Microsoft is likely to target younger people such as teenagers because they are more likely to buy the X Box rather than a pensioner. Gender Different products can be aimed at different genders e.g. make up is aimed at women and beer is aimed at men. Some people could say this is sexist but men are more likely to buy beer than make up. Businesses have to be very careful when advertising to certain genders as not to offend people. Microsoft are likely to aim the X Box more to males rather than females because boy tend to buy games consoles and computer games more than girls. Income/Occupation The population can be segmented according to their salary or occupation. Microsoft mainly targets people with above average income because their products can be slightly expensive, but they have to be careful not to advertise this because people could get offended. Microsoft also has to make sure their product is affordable to as many people as possible but not lower the price too much in case they lose profits. Area The area in which people live can divide the population. People in the northeast of England may have a different lifestyle to people the south of England, therefore their needs and wants will differ. Microsoft will need to promote the X Box in different ways according to location as to satisfy a mass market. Ethnic, cultural and religious groups Businesses need to be careful with the production and promotion of its products when it comes to different religions. If a business decides to produce its products in Asia because of cheap labour, people from Asia could refrain from buying that business' product because they are offended. Equally businesses have to be careful when advertising its products as not to offend people of certain ethnic, cultural or religious groups. Socio – economic groupings One of the most important ways of separating the population is the use of socio-economic groupings. Socio-economic groupings work like this: Social Grade Social Status Head of household's Occupation % of total UK population A Upper Middle Class Higher managerial, administrative or professional such as doctors, lawyers and company directors. 3.5% B Middle Intermediate managerial, administrative or professional such as teachers, nurses and managerial. 12-13% C1 Lower Middle Class Supervisory or clerical and junior managerial administrative or professional such as shop assistants, clerks and police constables. 22% C2 Skilled Working Class Skilled manual workers such as carpenters, cooks and train drivers. 32-33% D Working Class Semi – skilled and unskilled manual workers such as fitters and storekeepers. 19-20% E The Poorest In Society State pensioners or widows, casual or lower grade workers, or long-term unemployed. 10% The Product Life Cycle The Development Stage Products start life in the development stage. This is where the product is designed and also where the majority of the marketing is done. There are no profits at this stage, only costs. Microsoft will have to make up for the money lost in the growth stage of the product life cycle. The Introduction Stage This is the stage where the product is launched. Profits and sales are minimal in this stage, but it doesn't last too long if good advertising is used to make the customers aware of the product. The Growth Stage Sales and profits are increasing rapidly in this stage. Microsoft will have to consider what pricing strategies and promotions to use to keep the X Box in this stage as long as possible. Maturity In the maturity stage, the product reaches a peak in terms of sales. Research and development costs are likely to be paid off. The product could be profitable enough to be financing the development of new products. Saturation Towards the end of the maturity stage the market becomes saturated. Competitors bring out products to try and take sales away. It is likely that Microsoft will not be able to sell any more of the X Box at this point. Decline Eventually a product is likely to go into decline, sales will drop dramatically. Microsoft could try extension strategies at this stage to try and increase sales slightly or they could just withdraw the product from the market. The product life cycle can affect a lot of the marketing mix, for example, which promotions and pricing strategies to use at certain stages in the product life cycle. A Business would like to be in a sellers' market where customers have little choice but to buy from them. In a buyers' market though, business have to be market orientated and the greater is the need for effective marketing. I think Microsoft is in the buyers' market. Although they are a major company with substantial profits, Microsoft still have competition such as smaller software companies. The product ‘X Box' is a slightly different product from what Microsoft usually sells. Microsoft specialises in software and hardware for PC's, the ‘X Box' is a games consol, and so the main competition will be Sony and their Playstation. Although the Playstation is a very successful product it may be entering decline in the product life cycle because the Playstation has been around for a while. When the Sony Playstation started to enter the maturity stage Sony launched a new product the Playstation 2, this would be the ‘X box' main competition. I think Microsoft could afford a very large budget because the company's profits are very large, the fact that they have spent a lot of money developing the product could affect the budget for marketing the product. I estimate that the budget would be somewhere around à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20 million. I'm going to cover various areas of marketing, which will include†¦ * Analysing the market, finding out what customers want, where best to sell it and find out about the competition and target market. * Market Research, desk research and field research. * The Product, product differentiation, ways of differentiating the product, branding and retailing. * The Product Life Cycle, look at what similar products have gone through in the five main stages. Development, introduction, growth, maturity and saturation, and decline. * Pricing, competition, costs of making, affordability and pricing strategies. * Demand and Supply, what people want, how much they want and what they are willing to pay. * Promotion, advertising packaging, direct mail etc†¦ * Place, channels of distribution. * Retailing, how retailing within the company would affect marketing. * Constraints on Marketing, the law, ethics and the market and pressure groups. They are many disadvantages and advantages of marketing. Disadvantages include things such as, cost and constraints on marketing. Constraints on marketing are ethical considerations, the law (Trade Descriptions Act 1968), codes of practice (Advertising Standards Authority) and pressure groups. Ethical considerations include things such as labour, many multinational companies have been criticised for using workers in the Far East because they are relatively cheap, and the business want to take advantage of the lower costs of production. Nike was once criticised by the press because of the high prices they charge for their goods and the low wages paid to workers and low costs of production. Microsoft will have to ensure that they don't put too much of a profit mark up on the X Box, and also make ensure their workers are treated fairly. Other ethical considerations are the use of promotions and advertising such as the use of images in adverts. Many companies have been attacked by pressure groups because of the content of the adverts they use, such as images of beautiful woman that lure men into buying the product and information included in the adverts. For instance should a washing powder manufacturer claim in an advert that its washing powder ‘washes whiter' than other powders on the market when there is no scientific proof that it does? Should tobacco companies promote their products when they damage peoples health? If people are really shocked by an advert they may consider not buy the products produced by that company, therefore Microsoft will have to be careful when choosing methods of promotion. The law ensures that advertising does not fool the public. The Trade Descriptions Act 1968 states that is illegal for products to be incorrectly described for example Microsoft couldn't advertise the X Box as if it comes with a free TV if it doesn't. The government has encouraged businesses to adopt a code of practice as an alternative to passing laws. Codes of practice are rules, which businesses voluntarily agree to keep, but have no legal status. Advantages of marketing include†¦ Helping the business to get a better understanding of the market, marketing also lets the business to know what price, to set where to sell the product what promotions to use and what the potential customers want from the product. Market research will also tell the company whether there is a demand for the product in question. Marketing will change across different countries because different countries have a different way of life. For instance people in America can afford to pay a lot more for the X Box than people in the poorer parts of Africa and Asia. Market Research Microsoft needs information if they are to make good decisions. They need information about their target market to help them create a successful marketing mix. One way of gaining that information is by carrying out market research. Market research is a cost-effective way of finding out what people believe, think, want, need or do. There are various types of market research. Microsoft needs to decide what market research methods are most likely to give them the information they need. Businesses, which are mainly product, orientated risk spending a large amount of resources launching a product, which proves to be a failure. Researching the market helps reduce the risk. Microsoft should focus research and design effort onto products, which have a chance of success in the market place. When the product is launched a carefully researched product stands less chance of failing. Stages of Market Research Market research will help Microsoft to find answers to questions about the market. * What is the target market for the X Box? * How can Microsoft use the X Box to increase market share? * What is the right price to set that will maximise profits and be affordable to as many people as possible? * What are the right promotions to use that will appeal to Microsoft's target market? * Where's the best place to sell the X Box? * What do customers want and need? * What is the demand for the X Box? * What are existing patterns of sales for other games consoles? I then need to decide what information might help answer the questions, then I need to decide how best to collect this information. The information is then collected and analysed. Finally Microsoft has to make a decision about what to do in the light of the information gained. Desk Research Desk research involves the use of secondary data. This is information that is already available both within and outside the business. Information within the business Microsoft collects information routinely. Invoices for instance will tell them how much they sell and who they are selling to. Information outside the business Businesses can also collect information, which is available from sources outside the business such as: * Internal sources – such as sales invoices, reports and accounts. * Government – published statistics such as consumer spending figures, reports such as monopolies and mergers commission reports. * The Media – reports in newspapers, magazines on radio and on TV. * Trade associations – statistics or reports published by national organisations such as the TUC, the CBI or chambers of commerce or industry associations such as the Engineering Employers Federation. * Research organisations – reports prepared by specialist market research organisations such as Mintel or Mori; articles published in academic journals such as university journals. Field Research Field research involves the collection of primary data, information that no one has yet collected. It is collected specially for the particular piece of research. Primary data is collected through direct investigation, usually through observation, survey or experiment. To help me create my marketing mix I used both secondary and primary research. I collected primary data in the form of a questionnaire that I asked 50 people. I used secondary data from the Internet. I used the Internet to find out about Video Game sales and I found a report by PC Data about home Internet users planing to purchase console or PC games during the 2000 holiday season, and that PC and console gaming is no longer a male-dominated domain. This was very useful research and it helped me a lot when putting together my marketing plan. I didn't find any information from the media or the government because of lack of time. Quantitative and Qualitative Research There are two main types of survey data – quantitative, and qualitative. Quantitative Quantitative research provides numerical data. At the completion of a quantitative project it is possible to say (for example) what proportion or percentage of the population fall into different groups – those that want something, those that would be likely to buy something, those that are in favour of a particular policy or plan, etc. The essence of quantitative research is that every respondent is asked the same series of questions. Quantitative research can be done in various ways: By face-to-face interviewing, either in the street or, for more complex projects, in people's homes. This was the traditional approach to data collection, and remains important. In-home work is particularly suitable for lengthy interviews, or for some sensitive subjects. The understanding that can be established between the interviewer and the person being interviewed (the respondent) can help to ensure that detailed and thorough information is obtained. By telephone. This is a fast-growing form of data collection, is somewhat less expensive per interview than face-to-face, and can provide data more quickly – in some cases, overnight. Telephone research would rarely be suitable for lengthy interviews, but it can be ideal for smaller-scale, fast turn-round projects both amongst the public and for business research. Both face-to-face and telephone research involve the most basic form of data gathering, talking to people. There is one other form of quantitative data collection that should be mentioned – postal and self-completion research, which is the cheapest form of quantitative research, though it can take a relatively long time to gather data by post. Self-completion questionnaires can be handed out, for example, at exhibitions, on aircraft, or in town centres, to get peopleà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s views. Self-completion questionnaires must be kept simple and the researcher has little control over whom, or how many people, return the form. Another form of quantitative research is omnibus surveys. These are useful for those with small budgets and relatively few questions to ask. Qualitative Research Qualitative research, though it cannot provide numerical data, provides understanding of how or why things are as they are. It can be used on its own or to help in the development of a questionnaire for a quantitative study. There is no fixed set of questions and therefore no assumptions about what is, or is not, important. Instead there is a list of topics, problems, or possibilities to be explored. The form and nature of the discussion is heavily influenced by the informants' own concerns or assumptions. Qualitative research is the way in which typical or relevant peoples' attitudes and beliefs can be explored, and ideas can be generated. It can be used for everything from testing reaction to a potential new advertising campaign, to exploring staff attitudes to a new management structure or procedure. There are various sorts of qualitative research, including the following. * Unstructured interviews with a single informant, based on a framework of themes and topics. The interview is adapted to the individual, and the interviewer feeds off and responds to the respondents' replies. * Focus groups (or group discussions) involve a similar approach but bring together a number of relevant people – typically about eight – and therefore benefit from the interaction between the different personalities and experiences in the group. I used quantitative research because I needed to find information quickly and easily, I think qualitative research would have been a lot more time consuming and will have used a lot of resources. I decided the best way to collect information about the market was to use a survey. A survey can't ask customers for their opinion. Only a fraction or sample of customers can be surveyed. To be useful, the sample chosen must be a representation of all consumers. In a random sample, every potential respondent has an equal chance of being chosen. Random numbers can be used to do this or it could be done by ‘picking people out of a hat'. It is often quite difficult to construct a truly random sample. So a cheaper and quicker method is to use systematic sample. This is where every 100th or 1000th person on a list such as the telephone book is chosen. A systematic sample is not truly random though and therefore the results may be less reliable. In a quota sample, the sample is broken down or stratified. One problem with a quota sample is that any people who fit the description can be asked to complete the survey. So Microsoft wanting to find 50 people aged 13 – 30 to complete a survey could ask the first 50 13 – 30 year olds who came out of Electronics Boutique in Bedford. This may not be very representative of all 13 – 30 years olds nationally. A stratified random sample may get round this problem. It is a quota sample where all the respondents, the people being interviewed, must be chosen at random. Microsoft would have to find some way of selecting people aged 13 – 30 through pure chance. I used a quota sample, I asked 50 people in Electronics Boutique my questionnaire. I used Electronics Boutique because a lot of people go in there to buy game consoles and other computer related products, and asking this people would give me a good idea of the target market. I think my data is quite reliable because the people I asked my questionnaire to are the people that are most likely to buy Microsoft's products. Price Pricing Strategies The product should be launched in November ready for the Christmas rush. The pricing strategy skimming should be used in the introduction and the growth stage of the product life cycle. Skimming is setting a high price initially and then lowering it later on. This is almost always used for products that incorporate new technology such as new DVD players and PCs. Some people are willing to pay high prices for new technology, the price of the X Box will be set high at first to catch this end of the market. By doing this Microsoft can maximise their profits and cover the costs of developing the X Box. When sales start to slow down Microsoft should lower the price and use a different pricing strategy. To ensure sales keep increasing half way though the growth stage Microsoft should change the pricing strategy from skimming to market orientated. This is where the price charged is based on analysis of the market and its characteristics. Market research might need to be undertaken again at this point to ensure that Microsoft knows what the customers are willing to pay. Market orientated pricing should be used at this point because the top end of the market is likely to be saturated, Microsoft will need to lower the price of the X Box slightly to provide for the people that aren't willing to pay as much. Using market orientated pricing will therefore help keep sales rising and the X Box will appeal to a broader market. When the sales of the X Box are slowing down it could be because of competition. This is when Microsoft will need to use competition based pricing because new games consoles will be being launched and the X Box wont be new technology anymore. Microsoft will need to lower the price a lot to compete with the new technology and keep people interested. Psychological pricing could be used throughout the life cycle. This is when a product is priced at 99p instead of a pound so that the customers automatically think it's cheaper. I don't think Microsoft will need to use cost based pricing with the X Box because Microsoft makes so much money off existing products going into debt wont be a problem. The X Box will soon make up for the research and developing costs in the growth stage of the life cycle. Penetration pricing also isn't appropriate for the X Box because new technology doesn't rise in price as it becomes more popular it starts off at a high price because of the cost of development. Price to be Set In the introduction stage of the life cycle the X Box should be priced at 299, in the growth stage the price should be lowered to about 249, when the market has been saturated the price should be lowered again to 199 and when the product goes into decline it should be priced between 99 and 149. Factors Affecting the Price > Cost of promotions and advertising > Cost of research and development > Customer's needs and wants > Competitors > Demand > Costs of distribution